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CIPS L4M1 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Understand and analyse the need for compliance: This section measures skills of compliance officers and sector-specific procurement managers in understanding different economic and industrial sectors such as
Topic 2	Understand and analyse the key steps when procuring goods or services: This section measures that skills of purchasing managers and procurement officers in identifying and evaluating stages in the sourcing process, planning, supplier selection, and contract management.
Topic 3	Understand and analyse the added value through procurement and supply chain management: This section of the exam measures skills of supply chain managers related to identifying added value outcomes in procurement and supply and evaluating cost savings, service improvements, and innovationsu contributions.It also measures procurement and supply processes that contribute to added value.
Topic 4	Procedures, strategies, manuals, and internal function involvement.
Topic 5	Understand and analyse aspects of organisational infrastructure that shape the scope of procurement and supply chain functions: This section measures that skill of supply chain strategists and organizational analysts in understanding corporate governance, documented policies, accountability, and ethics. It also covers the impact of organisational policies and procedures on procurement and supply

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L4M1 Test Braindumps: Scope and Influence of Procurement and Supply & L4M1 VCE Dumps

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CIPS Scope and Influence of Procurement and Supply Sample Questions (Q10-Q15):

NEW QUESTION # 10
Describe the main characteristics of, and differences between, procuring goods, services and construction works (25 points)

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
- there are a lot of components to this question so I would take a good 5 minutes to write out some bullet points on the characteristics of each one, and on some differences. Then from your notes make this into an essay. The mark scheme isn't 100% clear on how many characteristics and differences you need to name, so try and keep an equal split between the two areas. You would probably need 2-3 characteristics of each, and 3 differences for a good score.
- Characteristics of goods: tangible, homogeneous, items tend not to perish quickly, can be stored
- Characteristics of services: intangible, heterogenous, inseparable (produced and consumed at the same time), no transfer of ownership, perish upon use (i.e. cannot be stored)
- Characteristics of construction work: project-based procurement, includes procuring both goods and services, complex procurement which has its own set of regulations (CDM2015).
- Differences between these
1) goods are not usually outsourced and services can be.
2) Complexity of the supply chain (goods and construction may have a complex supply chains, but service contracts usually only involve 2 parties).
3) Timescales - construction work has a designated timescale but procurement of goods could be a one off or long-term contract, services is usually a long-term contract.
Example Essay
Introduction:
Procurement is a multifaceted field, and understanding the nuances between procuring goods, services, and construction works is pivotal for effective management. This essay explores the main characteristics that differentiate these categories.
Tangible / Intangible:
Goods are tangible items that can be physically seen and touched. For instance, raw materials like wheat and sugar in a manufacturing organization are tangible goods. On the other hand, services are intangible-though the results can be observed, the service itself cannot be touched. An example is a cleaning contract for a factory; while the effects of the cleaning are visible, the service itself remains intangible. Construction is usually a mixture of tangible and intangible procurement; the tangible is the construction materials such as bricks and windows, and the intangible aspect is the labour to complete the project.
Heterogeneous / Homogeneous:
Goods are generally homogeneous, meaning they are always the same. For example, steel purchased for manufacturing purposes will always be the same. In contrast, services areheterogeneous, varying each time they are rendered. Customer service, for instance, is inherently different each time due to the dynamic nature of customer interactions. Construction could be either heterogeneous or homogeneous depending on the project - is it a one off unique building, or is it a large housing estate of same-build properties?
Transfer of Ownership:
When goods are procured, there is a transfer of ownership. The product becomes the property of the buyer upon delivery and payment. In contrast, services do not involve a transfer of ownership as there is no physical entity to transfer. In construction the transfer of ownership is extremely complex and varies depending on the project. Usually the buyer will retain ownership of the land throughout the project, but on some occasions the construction company may take ownership for insurance purposes.
Storable (Separable/ Inseparable):
Goods are storable, allowing for purchase on one day and use on another. For example a factory can buy in plastic to be used to manufacture toys and this is stored in inventory until the time comes to make the toys.
However, services are consumed at the point of purchase, making them inseparable. The service is bought and utilized simultaneously. Services cannot be stored. This is the same for construction.
Ability to Outsource:
Goods are rarely outsourced, as they are typically purchased directly from suppliers. Services, on the other hand, can be easily outsourced-examples include outsourcing finance, cleaning, or security services.
Construction works are commonly outsourced, with external companies hired to execute projects.
Complexity of the Supply Chain:
Service contracts often involve a simple two-party relationship between the buyer and the supplier. Goods and construction, however, may have complex supply chains. For example, procuring a pen involves a supply chain with various steps, including the raw material supplier, manufacturer, and possibly a wholesaler.
Construction works often feature a tiered supply chain with subcontractors playing crucial roles.
Construction as a Hybrid:
Construction procurement represents a hybrid, incorporating elements of both goods and services. It involves hiring a service, such as a bricklayer for laying bricks, while also procuring the tangible goods-bricks.
Separating goods from services in construction is challenging, as they are often intertwined, and both aspects are paid for simultaneously.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, distinguishing between the procurement of goods, services, and construction works is essential for effective supply chain management. The tangible or intangible nature, heterogeneity, transfer of ownership, storability, outsourcing potential, and supply chain complexities offer a comprehensive framework for understanding the unique characteristics of each category. Recognizing these distinctions empowers organizations to tailor their procurement strategies to the specific challenges and dynamics associated with goods, services, and construction works.
Tutor Notes
- What a characteristic is can also be a difference. So for example you can say tangible is a characteristic of goods but tangibility is also the main difference between goods and services. So don't worry too much about which order to write stuff in, or doing clear sections for this type of essay. It all comes out in the wash.
- Other differences in procuring these include:
- Costs: procuring goods such as stationary for an office will be low-cost so may not require approval, but a service contract may require management sign off. Procuring construction projects tend to be huge sums of money
- Where the budget comes from: goods and services may be operational expenditure and construction works capital expenditure.
- The level of risk involved in the procurement: goods tends to be quite low risk and construction high risk.
- Types of contract involved: procuring goods may be very simple and just require a PO, services is more complex so may require a formal contract or Deed of Appointment. Construction projects will require a contract due to the high value and high risk of the purchase
- Legislation - Goods = Sale of Goods Act, Construction - CDM Regulations 2015. Construction is much more heavily regulated than services or goods. Note CDM regulations isn't part of CIPS. It's occasionally referenced in various modules but you don't have to really know what it is. Just know it's the main legislation governing the construction industry. Construction - Construction Design and Management Regulations 2015 (hse.gov.uk)
- Study guide LO 1.3.1 p. 40, but mainly p. 52 for services. NOTE the title of this learning outcome includes construction and it is hardly mentioned in the study guide. Most of the above information on construction comes from my own knowledge rather than the book.

NEW QUESTION # 11
Describe 3 stages of the sourcing cycle that occur in the post-contract award stage (25 marks) See the solution in Explanation part below.

Answer:

Explanation:
How to approach the question
Your answer should provide details on 3 of the following:
- Contract Award and Implementation
- Warehouse Logistics
- Contract performance and Improvement
- Supplier Relationship Management
- Asset Management
Because the question is only asking for 3 stages, you're going to have to go much more into detail for each stage, giving lots of information about why each stage is important and examples. You could consider thinking of an example procurement you have done recently and explaining the stages for that. Or you could take a hypothetical procurement too. Either will get you the same marks. Pick the three that you can write the most about.
Essay Plan
Introduction - explain that sourcing of goods and the role of Procurement doesn't end once a contract is signed. There is ongoing management and processes which must be carried out to ensure success.
Paragraph 1 - Contract Performance and Improvement
This is about ensuring contract obligations are fulfilled. Contract administration includes P2P procedures, database management, budgeting / costs monitoring, reporting and dispute resolution
Procurement's role may be in managing contract performance through the use of SLAs and / or KPIs. This can be done via reporting, using a Supplier Scorecard and meeting regularly to discuss.
It's important KPIs are measured and that there are consequences for failing to meet them. An example of consequences could be using a Performance Improvement Plan.
Contract Management also includes updating the contract where required - e.g. issuing variations to contract and updating the change control log
Another important aspect of this is ensuring the costs remain within scope of the budget
Contract performance can be compared if you have several suppliers delivering the same goods- could use a Factor Rating Method.
Performance could be measured against several criteria such as on time deliveries, response time of supplier, number of complaints.
Paragraph 2 - Supplier Relationship Management
There is a difference between managing the contract and managing the supplier relationship. It's possible to have excellent contract performance and a terrible relationship. However, the two are generally linked- where there is a good relationship, the contract often performs well.
The supplier management approach depends on where the relationship falls on the relationship spectrum (e.
g. transactional or collaborative)
This involves; maintaining regular contact with the supplier, motivating the supplier, working collaboratively with them (e.g. on performance issues or resolving any disputes)
Incentivising the supplier leads to collaboration and mutual support
To assess or rank suppliers you could use a vendor rating method or supplier evaluation forms
Supplier relationship management may involve investing in the supplier- e.g. through training or technology sharing Paragraph 3 - Asset Management
Includes creating a post contract 'lessons-learned'
Assessments should be carried out to determine if business requirements have changed, whether the agreement is still required and fit for purpose, what can be learnt from the process and how improvements can be incorporated next time.
This is the final stage of the Procurement Cycle and takes us back to the start of cycle, which begins again when the item needs to be reprocured
Whole life costing should be considered at this stage: this is the total cost of ownership over the life of an asset. The concept is also known as life-cycle cost (LCC) or lifetime cost, and is commonly referred to as
"cradle to grave" or "womb to tomb" costs.
Generally used on large purchases such as machinery and vehicles. Full Asset Management may not necessary for direct cost items such as raw materials incorporated into final goods.
Considerations may include; costs of running the asset, how long it will perform, insurance, maintenance, opportunity costs, disposing of the asset.
Also consider environmental and social impacts of the procurement.
Conclusion - it is important that procurement are involved at every stage of the cycle, not just in the pre- award stages. Procurement can add value at every stage.
Tutor Notes
- Depending on the examples you choose to use, you could talk about how the type of item procured could impact on the different stages. For example, high risk purchases may require more contract management than low risk purchases, and capital expenditure items such as new machinery may require more attention to the Asset Management stage.
- You could also think about how procurement adds value at each of the stages.
- Study guide p. 79

NEW QUESTION # 12
Describe the main stages of the CIPS Procurement and Supply Cycle (25 points)

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
How to respond to this question:
- Include as many of the stages as you can, but it's not vital to remember them all. You should aim to remember at least 8 of the 13 steps.
- The steps are; Define Business Need, Market Analysis + Make vs Buy, Develop Strategy and Plan, Pre-Procurement Market Testing, Develop Documents and Specification, Supplier Selection, Issue Tender, Bid Evaluation, Contract Award and Implementation, Warehouse Logistics, Contract performance and Improvement, Supplier Relationship Management and Asset Management Essay Plan:
Introduction - Explain what the CIPS Procurement and Supply Cycle is- a tool to be used by procurement professionals which tracks a procurement exercise from inception to close. It's helpful as it ensures procurement exercises are done correctly and steps are completed in the right order.
- Describe (briefly) what happens at each stage of the cycle, giving examples. You should put each stage into a separate paragraph. It's also a good idea to name the stages in chronological order. Some ideas of things you could mention include:
1) Define Business Need and Develop Specification - Identify what the need is, what type of purchase, put together a business case and outline the requirements
2) Market Analysis and Make vs Buy Decision - analyse the market using market segmentation (e.g. by buyer, product, geography etc) or use Porter's 5 Forces (buyer and supplier power, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutions, supplier rivalry). Looks at if what you want to procure is actually available.
3) Develop Strategy / Plan - you could use a STEEPLE and SWOT analysis. Consider if this is the right time to procure. Create timelines and budgets.
4) Pre-Procurement Market Testing - consider stakeholder engagement, supplier engagement, new / upcoming legislation, currency fluctuations, market, competitor actions. Is this the best time to procure? Will it be successful?
5) Develop Documentation / Creation of Contract terms- firm up the requirements and create the formal documents for the tender exercise. This may be a RFQ or ITT. Define the offer. Include KPIs.
6) Supplier Selection - May not be required for rebuys but an important step for new buys. May use a list of pre-approved suppliers or this may be going out to the open market. You can shortlist suppliers by sending out a pre-qualification questionnaire.
7) Issue Tender - Electronically, consider whether to use an open vs closed procurement exercise
8) Bid / Tender Evaluation - Very flexible for companies in the private sector but there are guiding principles for doing this for public procurement; transparency, equal treatment, proportionality. Often considers both price and quality.
9) Contract Award and Implementation- Organisations may have different processes for different values (e.g.
large purchases may need senior management approval, but under £500 just needs a manager's signature).
May require post-award negotiation. Contract is drafted and signed.
10) Warehouse Logistics and receipt - includes POs and Invoices. Battle of the Forms. Goods Inwards = receiving and inspecting goods- may use quality control.
11) Contract performance review - ensuring contract obligations are fulfilled includes P2P procedures, database management, budgeting / costs monitoring, reporting and dispute resolution.
12) Supplier Management - will depend on the relationship but includes; contact / meetings with the supplier, motivating / incentivising the supplier, working with them on performance issues, ensuring KPIs are met.
13) Asset Management / End of Life- considers TCO, ongoing maintenance and costs, insurance and warrantees and disposal of the item once it has reached the end of its life.
Conclusion - The CIPS Procurement Cycle is cycle rather than process as it is a continuous loop and needs constantly emerge. It never ends. New buys are more likely to follow all the stages of the cycle, rebuys may skip steps Tutor Notes:
- Often steps 11 and 12 are confused or merged together but they are different. It's possible to have great contract management and a poor supplier relationship i.e. the contract is working effectively and the supplier is delivering in line with the contract BUT the relationship may be fraught with tension and the buyer and supplier don't like each other.
- To get a high score I would include examples of all of the stages, but remember you only have 45 minutes to answer the question, so balance detail with timing so you don't overwrite
- The procurement cycle is on p. 70 or you can download it here: Procurement Supply Cycle | CIPS

NEW QUESTION # 13
Explain 5 stages of the sourcing cycle that occur in the pre-contract stage (25 points)

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
How to approach this question:
- The Sourcing Cycle is the first half of the CIPS Procurement Cycle and includes these steps:
1) Define Business Need
2) Market Analysis + Make vs Buy
3) Develop Strategy and Plan
4) Pre-Procurement Market Testing
5) Develop Documents and Specification
6) Supplier Selection
7) Issue Tender
8) Bid Evaluation
9) Contract Award and Implementation
Your response should detail 5 of these. It is a good idea to pick the ones you know most about and where there is more to write about. You won't get any extra points for naming more than 5 so focus on getting as much detail down about 5, rather than explaining more of them.
Essay Plan
Introduction - explain what the sourcing cycle is - the stages of the procurement cycle before a contract is signed. It describes the steps an organisation will take to source/ procures goods or services.
Paragraph 1 - Define the business need
How is the need identified? E.g. by end user, stores department, ERP system.
Procurement should challenge this - is it really necessary? Suggest alternatives - this could be a key source of added value
Put together business case / requisition / project initiation document
What type of purchase? Straight rebuy, modified rebuy, new purchase
Decide on what type of specification would be best - Conformance vs performance specification
This stage may include early supplier involvement
Paragraph 2 - Market Analysis and Make vs Buy Decision
Create an Analysis by segmenting the market by buyer, product, distribution channel, geography, customer market etc.
Make vs Buy - use Carter's Matrix to decide whether the organisation should make vs buy.
Also consider outsourcing at this stage
Paragraph 3 - Documents and Specification
Draft documents. These may include a RFQ or ITT, a specification and a proposed form of contract
Specification may be conformance or performance based
A contract sets out the roles, rights, responsibilities and obligations of the parties and shows intention to enter into 'legal relations'
This stage defines the 'offer' which becomes binding once other party accepts
Documentation may also include proposed KPIs and SLAs
Paragraph 4 - Supplier Selection
For a new purchase, supplier selection is very important - investigation should be proportionate to the value of the procurement. For rebuys or low-risk purchases you could use the same supplier or a list of pre- approved suppliers.
You can locate potential suppliers by; catalogues, websites, trade registers, market exchanges and review sites, trade or industry press, fairs and conferences, networking and recommendations/ referrals.
You can shortlist suppliers by sending out a pre-qualification questionnaire. This adds value by reducing wasted time / costs / risks to entering into a contract with the wrong supplier.
Other criteria for supplier selection include using Carter's 10 Cs (competency, consistency, capability, control, cost, cash, clean, communication, culture, commitment), thesupplier's financial standing (e.g.
liquidity and gearing), references and considering their CSR policy.
Paragraph 5 - Issue Tender
Competitive bidding should only be done when there's sufficient time and resources available, there's sufficient suppliers in the marketplace, they're keen to win business (ie that there's appetite for competition) and there is a strong specification
Best practice is to issue tenders electronically as it ensures equal treatment of suppliers and transparency
Consider open vs closed procurement processes
Use a cross-functional team - particularly when marking responses
Conclusion - you could mention here that different sourcing activities may require more or less effort at each of the stages e.g. procuring a new item may require more market analysis than a re-buy.
Tutor Notes:
- If you want to add in extra details, you could think about ways procurement can add value at each stage
- In the old syllabus, CIPS were a bit obsessed with Michael Porter. In the Market Analysis bit you could talk about using Porter's 5 forces (buyer and supplier power, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutions, supplier rivalry) and Porter's 3 generic strategies for competing (cost leadership, differentiation, niche segment). This has been removed from the study guide so it's not essential to know this for this module, but if you've seen it before it's a nice one to throw in.
- You could also mention that there are differences between the public and private sector procurement at the different stages. E.g. Public Sector requires open competitions for contracts of a certain value and must follow the rules set out in Public Contract Regulations - the private sector doesn't have such strict regulations so there is much more flexibility in how tenders are completed. Also in the public sector, the evaluation criteria needs to be agreed beforehand and presented in the ITT- not the same for the private sector.
- Study guide p.71

NEW QUESTION # 14
What is meant by the term 'centralised procurement'? (10 points) Explain 2 forms of Hybrid Procurement Structures (15 points).

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
- This is essentially two mini essays, so you can do them completely separately if you like.
1) Definition of centralised procurement - when an organisation has a designated procurement function which makes purchases on behalf of other teams. When departments need to make a purchase, they would do this by approaching the procurement department who would purchase the item they need. This is in contrast to devolved procurement where departments can make purchases themselves.
2)Explanation:of 2 forms of hybrid structures- there's a couple in the study guide you can pick from - consortium, shared services, lead buyer and outsourced. In the old syllabus they used to discuss SCAN - Strategically Controlled Action Network and CLAN = Centre Led Action Network. This has been removed from the new syllabus, but I don't think it would be wrong to use SCAN and CLAN in this essay if you wanted to. However they are more complicated than the others and if you can talk about other models instead I'd definitely go for that.
Example Essay:
Centralized procurement refers to a procurement strategy where an organization consolidates its purchasing activities into a single, central department or unit. Instead of allowing individual departments or divisions within the organization to independently manage their procurement processes, centralized procurement involves the concentration of these activities under a unified structure.
Key features of centralized procurement include:
1) Single Procurement Authority: In a centralized procurement system, there is a designated procurement authority or department responsible for handling all purchasing decisions. This central entity has the authority to negotiate contracts, select suppliers, and make procurement-related decisions on behalf of the entire organization.
2) Streamlined Processes: Centralized procurement aims to standardize and streamline procurement processes across the organization. This can include the establishment of uniform procurement policies, procedures, and documentation to ensure consistency and efficiency.
3) Economies of Scale: By consolidating purchasing power, centralized procurement allows organizations to leverage economies of scale. Bulk purchases, standardized contracts, and negotiations with suppliers on a larger scale can lead to cost savings and more favourable terms.
4) Improved Coordination and Communication: Centralized procurement enhances coordination and communication within the organization. With a centralized structure, there is better visibility into overall procurement activities, allowing for improved collaboration, information sharing, and strategic planning.
Moreover, this centralized control helps manage risks, ensure transparency, and monitor adherence to ethical and legal standards.
5) Consolidated Supplier Relationships: Centralized procurement enables the organization to consolidate its relationships with suppliers. This can lead to stronger partnerships, better negotiation positions, and improved collaboration with a select group of suppliers that meet the organization's needs.
6) Strategic Decision-Making: Centralized procurement allows organizations to make strategic decisions at a higher level. This includes aligning procurement strategies with overall organizational goals, optimizing the supply chain, and contributing to broader business objectives.
An example of centralised procurement would be in a hotel chain with several hotels across the UK. In a centralised procurement function there would be one team responsible for ordering everything for all of the hotels, rather than allowing the individual hotels to buy things themselves. Premier Inn is an example of a company that uses this structure- it allows them to buy stock in bulk and ensures that all hotels have the same equipment so customers expectations are always met.
Centralized procurement is often contrasted with decentralized procurement, where individual departments or business units manage their procurement independently (i.e. each hotel would buy their own supplies). The choice between centralized and decentralized procurement depends on various factors, including the size and structure of the organization, the nature of its operations, and the specific goals it aims to achieve through its procurement processes.
Consortium Procurement Model:
The consortium procurement model is characterized by the collaboration of multiple organizations forming a joint group (the consortium) to engage in collective buying activities. Typically composed of entities from the same industry or sector, these organizations unite their resources, expertise, and purchasing power to pursue shared procurement objectives. The consortium leverages this collective strength to negotiate contracts, conduct bulk purchases, and benefit from economies of scale, resulting in cost savings and increased operational efficiency. The UK University sector is an example of Consortium activities- many universities come together to 'group buy' items as this brings about many benefits.
The main benefit of this form of hybrid procurement model is the increased negotiating power and leverage derived from combining the purchasing volumes of participating entities. This often results in more favourable terms, competitive prices (through bulk purchases), and improved conditions with suppliers. Additionally, consortium buying allows organizations to share resources, knowledge, and expertise, fostering a collaborative environment that enhances overall procurement capabilities. By working together, consortium members can collectively address challenges, negotiate strategically, and navigate the procurement landscape more effectively.
However, consortium buying is not without its challenges. A potential disadvantage lies in the complexity of managing a collaborative procurement structure, involving coordinationamong diverse entities. Achieving consensus on procurement strategies, vendor selection, and contract terms may require considerable effort and compromise. Additionally, individual organizational needs and preferences within the consortium may differ, posing challenges in aligning priorities. It is essential to strike a balance between centralized decision-making and accommodating the specific requirements of each consortium member. Furthermore, the success of consortium buying relies heavily on effective communication and trust among participants. Any breakdown in communication or lack of trust could hinder the collaborative process, impacting the overall efficiency and success of the consortium's procurement endeavours.
Overall, while consortium buying offers notable advantages, its effectiveness is contingent on careful management of collaborative dynamics and effective communication strategies.
Shared Services Procurement Model:
In the shared services procurement model, various departments or business units within a single organization converge under a centralized procurement function. Rather than individual units managing their procurement independently, a dedicated shared services centre is established to provide procurement-related services across the organization. This model facilitates streamlined processes, ensures consistency through standardized procedures, and capitalizes on economies of scale.
One key benefit is the potential for cost savings through economies of scale. By centralizing procurement, the organization can negotiate bulk purchases and standardized contracts, leading to better terms and prices. This consolidation of purchasing power enables the organization to optimize its resources and achieve overall cost efficiency. Additionally, centralized procurement allows for streamlined processes, standardized procedures, and better control over procurement activities. It promotes consistency, reduces redundancy, and ensures adherence to organizational policies and compliance requirements.
However, there are also potential disadvantages to centralized procurement. One notable challenge is the potential for reduced flexibility in meeting the unique needs of individual departments or business units within the organization. Centralization may lead to standardized approaches that might not be well-suited for all units, potentially impacting their specific requirements. Furthermore, the centralization of decision-making can result in increased bureaucracy and longer decision-making processes, potentially slowing down procurement activities. Additionally, there may be resistance from decentralized units that are accustomed to managing their procurement independently. Striking a balance between centralized control and accommodating the diverse needs of various units is crucial for the success of centralized procurement.
In conclusion, both the consortium and shared services procurement models represent strategies to enhance efficiency, realize cost savings, and optimize procurement processes. While the consortium model involves collaboration with external entities, the shared services model centralizes procurement functions within a single organization. The choice between these models depends on the unique goals, structure, and requirements of the organizations involved, each offering distinct advantages in the pursuit of effective procurement management.
Tutor Notes:
- This is from LO 3.3 p.161 onwards. There's quite a bit of information on these hybrid models so there's many ways it can come up as a question. There are different types of consortium, which I didn't go into in the above essay because it wasn't asked for as part ofthe question, but I'd familiarise yourself with this. Also with the pros and cons of each model, and think about when an organisation may choose this type of model.

NEW QUESTION # 15
......

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CIPS L4M1 Exam Syllabus Topics:

L4M1 Test Braindumps: Scope and Influence of Procurement and Supply & L4M1 VCE Dumps

CIPS Scope and Influence of Procurement and Supply Sample Questions (Q10-Q15):

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